施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

病程相关蛋白在采后果蔬诱导抗病性中的研究进展

果蔬受到真菌、细菌或病毒侵染时,自身能诱导产生病程相关蛋白(Pathogenesis-related proteins,PRs)。根据它们的结构亲缘关系和生物活性,PRs被分为17个功能家族。在控制果蔬采后病害的研究中,利用激发子诱导产生果蔬抗性已逐渐成为果蔬采后病害防治中一种安全、高效的保鲜方法,这也成为果蔬采后抗病研究的热点和发展趋势。本文综述了果蔬病程相关蛋白的分类、功能、诱导表达,以及蛋白组学技术在果蔬采后PRs表达水平上的应用,以期为果蔬病程相关蛋白的研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Ray blight of pyrethrum in Australia: a review of the current status and future opportunities

Ray blight caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti is one of the most important diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated for the extraction of insecticidal pyrethrins in Australia. The disease is responsible for complete yield loss in severe outbreaks. Infected seed is considered as the principal source of S. tanaceti. Infection hyphae remain only in the seed coat and not in the embryo, resulting in pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings and latent infection. Therefore, quantification of the level of infection by S. tanaceti within seed using a qPCR assay is important for efficient management of the disease. Stagonosporopsis tanaceti completes its life cycle within 12 days after leaf infection through production of pycnidia and can infect every tissue of the pyrethrum plant except the vascular and root tissues. Ray blight epidemics occur in pyrethrum fields through splash dispersal of pycnidiospores between adjacent plants. Besides steam sterilization, thiabendazole/thiram and fludioxonil are effective seed-treating chemicals in controlling S. tanaceti before planting begins. Ray blight is currently managed in the field through the foliar application of strobilurin fungicides in the first 1–2 years of crop establishment. Later on, difenoconazole and multisite specific fungicides in the next 2–3 years during early spring successfully reduce ray blight infestation. Avoiding development of resistance to fungicides will require more sustainable management of ray blight including the development and deployment of resistant cultivars.     

做大做强遂昌茶产业对策探讨

针对当前经济增幅趋缓和供给侧结构性改革的新形势,本文通过对遂昌茶产业的深入调研,剖析当前茶产业主要短板问题,提出了完善设施,构建生态科技示范基地,抓住调整结构这个中心环节,以机器换人,品牌换市,以质取胜,走绿色发展之路,以提高遂昌茶产业竞争力。     

长链酰胺化纳米纤维素增强聚乳酸复合材料

以纳米纤维素(NCC)为原料,先采用四甲基哌啶氮氧化物(TEMPO)氧化制备氧化纳米纤维素(TONC),再与不同链长脂肪胺在催化剂作用下发生反应,得到脂肪胺改性纳米纤维素,当脂肪胺为十二胺(DOA)、十四胺(TEA)、十六胺(HEA)、十八胺(OCA)时,分别制得DOATONC、TEATONC、HEATONC和OCATONC。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和元素分析表明:脂肪链接枝成功,改性后纳米纤维素的晶形没有发生改变,为原有Ⅰ型晶型;接触角和分散性测试表明:随着脂肪链的增长,改性纳米纤维素表面的亲水性明显下降(接触角由65.8°上升至93.9°),而分散率由25.17%先降至11.97%,再升至71.71%。将1%的改性纳米纤维素添加到聚乳酸(PLA)中制得复合膜,机械性能测试结果表明:随着脂肪链的增长,复合膜的机械性能明显提高,其中PLA/OCATONC复合膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到40.2 MPa和6.39%。     

黄瓜新品种‘粤丰’

 ‘粤丰’是由早熟抗病的‘豫优4号’为母本，与‘渝亮3号’杂交育成的华北型黄瓜一代杂种。生长势强，主侧蔓结瓜，雌花节率高，回头瓜多。瓜条顺直、美观，长棒形，瓜长38.0 cm，横径3.8 cm，肉厚1.2 cm，单瓜质量约390 g，皮色深绿，光泽度好，刺白，瘤小而密，肉质脆，味微甜，商品性好，耐热，抗病、抗逆性强。适合华南地区春秋季种植。     

植物免疫诱导剂在草莓中的应用情况

为了助力实现草莓的安全生产,对一类能诱导植物产生免疫防御反应的植物免疫诱导剂在草莓中的应用情况进行综述。主要阐述了植物免疫诱导剂的种类、诱导机理及其在草莓栽培上的应用现状,发现:植物免疫诱导剂能促进草莓生长和发育、诱导抗病性、提高产量、改善果实品质、提高耐贮性等,从而减少了化学农药的使用,有利于草莓高质量生产,应用前景广阔。     

开发区水土保持方案编制任务与要点探讨

以区域评估方式编报水土保持方案是国家行政许可改革的新举措,全国2543个各类开发区面临着编制水土保持方案的新问题。开发区水土保持方案需要分清开发区管理机构与入驻企业的法律责任,做好衔接工作,时效期以不超过10年为宜,应以“五通一平”阶段及由开发区建设与管理的区域为主,入驻企业的内容可简化;要突出整个开发区的水土保持总体布局,全过程的防治措施体系,并统一措施等级与标准,明确建成区、在建区、未建区三大区块的防治任务。根据开发区的特点,遵照法律法规与技术标准的原则与理念,开发区的水土保持方案应将土石方全部利用、表土资源全部保护利用、扰动范围严格控制在开发区内不设临时占地、排水含沙量不超标、雨洪资源全面利用与控制等作为控制性指标。水土保持方案章节可参照国标,每章节的内容、深度可根据开发区的特定情况,做简化或删减。开发区管理机构的性质和定位差异很大,总体分为政府管理模式、企业管理模式、政府企业混合管理模式,入驻企业的水土保持方案不能简单地向开发区管理机构报备,地方水行政主管部门仍要加强对开发区管理机构水土保持工作的指导和督促。